explain the gender gap in competitiveness. Experiment 1 studies whether stress responses (measured with salivary cortisol and … voluntary competition. We find that while the mandatory competition does increase stress levels, there is no gender difference … stress responses and the decision to enter a competition or not, these cannot explain the general gender gap in willingness …

systems. In this study, we ask if high-stakes testing affects school-related stress among students and if there are gender … that high-stakes testing increases the gender gap in school-related stress. The results are robust to a range of …-reported school-related stress by almost 10 % of a standard deviation. This is primarily driven by a strong effect for girls, meaning …

explain the gender gap in competitiveness. Experiment 1 studies whether stress responses (measured with salivary cortisol and … voluntary competition. We find that while the mandatory competition does increase stress levels, there is no gender difference … stress responses and the decision to enter a competition or not, these cannot explain the general gender gap in willingness …

, consistent with the positive impact of fitness on cognitive functions, performance and stress coping found in the literature …

Gender differences in paid performance under competition have been found in many laboratory-based experiments, and it … environments. To explore this further, we conducted a laboratory experiment comprising 444 subjects, and measured gender … where an individual competes against a target based on the previous performance of one anonymised person of unknown gender …

receiving negative feedback. The gender differential is stronger in high stakes matches. On the other hand, when players are … tied in the third set we do not find any gender difference in players' reactions: this suggests that females do not tend to …