Rain affects electoral turnout both through a direct effect on the cost of voting and by changing the opportunity cost …. In a panel of Norwegian municipalities I find that rain on Election Day increases turnout. As turnout affects electoral … outcomes, rain provides an exogeneous source of variation, and hence an instrument, for the party composition of the municipal …

In New York City (NYC), it has been a common complaint that it is difficult to find a taxi in the rain. Using all Uber …

deal with the endogeneity of voter turnout by using election day rain as an instrumental variable. Our particular …

rain and analyze data on more than 400 ballot propositions in Switzerland for the years 1958 to 2014 to address this … rain decreases the share of votes for a change. Our robustness checks suggest that changes in the composition of the … electorate or changes in information acquisition do not drive this result. In addition, we provide evidence that rain might have …

rain and analyze data on more than 870,000 municipal vote outcomes in Switzerland to address this question. The empirical … tests are based on administrative ballot outcomes and individual postvote survey data. We find that rain decreases the share … composition of the electorate and changes in information acquisition. In addition, we provide evidence that rain might have …