testing approach to cointegration is employed to test the causal relationship between industrial production, exports and terms … of trade. An augmented form of Granger causality analysis is implemented to identify the direction of relationship among …

1968 to 2005. The bounds testing approach to cointegration is conducted to establish the existence of a long …-run relationship between financial development and economic growth. An augmented form of Granger causality analysis is implemented to … identify the direction of causality among the variables both in the short-run and the long-run. The empirical findings suggest …

and economic growth. We make use of a Johansen-based panel cointegration methodology allowing for cross-country dependence … the direction of potential causality between financial and economic development. Our results conclude to the existence of … a single cointegrating vector between financial development and growth and of causality going from financial development …

between unionization and income inequality for a sample of 20 countries. Using heterogeneous panel cointegration techniques …), and (iii) long-run causality runs in both directions, suggesting that, on average, an increase in unionization reduces …

quarterly data from 1999 to 2019. On the one hand, the causality tests find a unidirectional relation running from the current …

second commitment period of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme. Based on high frequency data, we analyze causality in … futures market to be the leader of the long run price discovery process whereas a bidirectional short run causality structure …