Keywords: land-use change, farm households, deforestation, meta-analysis, micro-level … countries. This is surprising, since evi-dence hints at high deforestation rates in South-East Asia due to logging activities …

major driver of deforestation. Much of the forest in Jambi was cleared more than 20 years ago, and rubber was an established … activities, so indirect effects on deforestation are likely. The government's transmigration program of the 1980s and 1990s was …

The expansion of a given land use may affect deforestation directly if forests are cleared to free land for this use …. Unlike direct land conversion, indirect land-use changes affecting deforestation are not immediately observable. They require … deforestation. This indirect land-use effect is shown to be a dynamic process materializing over 10 to 15 years. …