In France, since the 1980s, imaginaries derived from decolonization have played a major role in the elaboration of anti-racist policies. Simultaneously, because of the universalistic conception of the French Republic, the use of ethnic categories has been taboo and systematically replaced, in...

Public works and employment programmes have long been considered a staple of social assistance. For the most part, though, they have been designed as short-term "safety nets". While, in some cases, the focus has also been on reducing poverty or addressing structural unemployment challenges,...