. Different from existing ones, our criteria explicitly recognize the interplay between circumstances and effort. We characterize …

. Different from existing ones, our criteria explicitly recognize the interplay between circumstances and effort. We characterize …

of such estimates. In this paper we argue that neglecting heterogeneity in the influence of circumstances across types as … well as neglecting heterogeneity in type-specific effort distributions are two important sources of the downward bias in … inequality of opportunity measures. Compared to the standard parametric approach of ex ante measurement of inequality of …

Many studies have estimated the effect of circumstances on income acquisition. Perhaps surprisingly, the fraction of … inequality attributable to circumstances is usually quite small - in the advanced democracies, on the order of 20%. One reason … accomplishments of children should be considered the consequence of circumstances: That is, an individual should not be considered to …

Distributive value judgments based on the 'origins' of economic inequalities (e.g. circumstances and responsible … compared with existing empirical evidences on Roemer's (A Pragmatic Theory of Responsibility for the Egalitarian Planner, 1993 …