In this paper we consider a competitive economy with flows of materials from extraction via recycling to landfilling … stimulates recycling as expected. But it also increases primary material extraction and - possibly - the total waste flow, and it … reduces the recycling ratio. …

economics. The concepts they study can be useful in economic models of policies – to reduce virgin materials extraction, to … encourage green design, and to make better use of products in ways that reduce waste. This essay attempts to discuss circular …

recycled and finally landfilled, and where a recycling firm has market power. The material content constitutes an aspect of … green product design and affects the recycling costs. Although the recycling firm's supply of recycling services is … proposed which correct for market failures. One promising candidate is a relative recycling standard combined with a …