We use data on British football managers and teams over the 1994-2007 period to study substitution and complementarity … equal, managers who themselves played at a higher level raise the productivity of less-skilled teams by more than that of … subordinates the skills needed to succeed, since less skilled players have more to learn. We also find that managers with more …

To understand leadership, it is necessary to understand the purpose of an organization. Organizations are hierarchies … specific contributions of leaders. Leadership is the ability to successfully manage transaction costs of an organization …