president, respectively. The results show that trade reforms explain the rise of populism in Brazil during the last two decades …This paper investigates the long-term impact of economic shocks on populism, by exploiting a natural experiment created … by the trade liberalization process implemented in Brazil between 1990 and 1995. This high impact and low duration event …

interpersonal and interterritorial inequality. This rising inequality is seen as a root cause of populism. Yet, there is no … interpersonal inequality, and the rise of far-right populism in Europe and in the US. The analysis -conducted at small region level … minorities shunned populism. In Europe, the most significant factor behind the rise of far-right populism is economic decline …