corruption where the judicial system is independent, this relationship has more ambiguous effects where the legal system is weak … and susceptible to politicization. These effects remain after controlling for standard determinants of corruption. …

and individual liabilities should be combined to both restrain corruption and to sustain the credibility of corporate … ethics. These implications allow comparatively evaluating the effectiveness of international anti-corruption laws …

action became permanent features of the G20 agenda. Tackling corruption was one of them. Corruption is being characterised as … an international problem requiring collective corrective action. The G20 established an Anti-Corruption Working Group as … early as in 2010, at the fourth summit in Toronto, which sets the Anti-Corruption Action Plan for the G20 members. Over the …

This paper argues that corruption in Russia is systemic in nature. Low wage levels of public officials provide strong … incentives to engage in corruption. As corruption is illegal, corrupt officials can be exposed any time, which enforces loyalty … towards the powers that be; thus corruption is a method of governance. We trace the systemic corruption back to the Mongolian …

that emergency measures, in the times of economic and social fragility, may result in corruption. This paper investigates … the potential threats of corruption due to fiscal expansion during the pandemic and discusses recent evidence from G20 … members on the mechanisms in place to address corruption. More generally, using available secondary data, the paper compares …

corruption, unstable economic policies, weak and poorly enforced property rights, and inefficient government institutions. Our …