Developments within social and exact sciences take place because scientists engage in scientificpractices that allow them to further expand and refine the scientific concepts within theirscientific disciplines. There is disagreement among scientists as to what the essential practicesare that...

We critically review the emerging literature in Organizational and Personnel Economics concerning the role of managers and management practices. Our focus is on the middle managers who populate the hierarchies between top executives and front-line employees. We are especially concerned with...