This note considers the treatment of risk and uncertainty in the recently established social cost of carbon (SCC) for … discounting, it mis-estimated climate risk, possibly hugely. Given the uncertainty about estimating the SCC, the note concludes by …

a standard cartel, its individual members can significantly influence prices by acting as powerful oligopolists …

a lower network price. It is helpful to the development of the whole industry. However, once Cartel is formed, the price … long-time Cartel will reduce the market entrant in electricity generation. Market resources are centralized in the hands of … Cartel, causing a low effective competition in the market, which has passive effects on users. Implications: The empirical …

them. It describes the quite complicated cartel agreement of the three banks concerned and the impact of the ECJ …

This paper sheds new light on the role of communication for cartel formation. Using machine learning to evaluate free … cartel formation and indirect attempts to collude tacitly. We document that firms are less likely to communicate explicitly … sanctions on communication reinforces the direct cartel-deterring effect of sanctions as collusion is more difficult to reach …

innocuous communication and communication about a cartel, sanctioning only the latter. To this aim, we introduce a participant …