need for collective bargaining reform. Most countries affected by the euro debt crisis have two-tier bargaining structures … in which plant-level bargaining supplements national or industrywide (multi-employer) agreements, taking the pay …

Collective bargaining has come under renewed scrutiny, especially in Southern European countries, which rely … predominantly on sectoral bargaining supported by administrative extensions of collective agreements. Following the global financial … a ‘frontal assault’ on collective bargaining. This paper compares the recent top-down reforms in Portugal with the more …

bargaining unity. In 2010, the Federal Labour Court finally permitted the collective bargaining plurality in principle. With the … Collective Bargaining Unity Act of 2015, the power of smaller professional unions was supposed to be narrowed down again. The … rules in the Collective Bargaining Unity Act, however, are too vague to prevent union conflicts from occurring within a …

process build skills and improve their employability. If these "learning" effects are large enough, the social benefits of …