strong early retirement penalties imposed on "regular" retirees effectively create an alternative path to early retirement …. In this paper, we explore this alternative path quantitatively. We develop a model of job search and retirement behavior … link early retirement penalties to the age at which an individual stops paying contributions. This reform removes the …

countries, the probability of working after normal retirement age is positively related to living with a spouse only, being … status and the age distribution among elderly people. We also demonstrate that working beyond the normal retirement age has a … that the normal retirement age is strictly enforced in urban China and seniors attempting to work face intensive …