Workers participating in firm-sponsored training receive higher wages as a result. But given that firms pay the …

affects labor markets in sending countries, particularly the wages of workers who do not emigrate. Most studies find that … emigration increases wages in the sending country but only for non-emigrants with substitutable skills similar to those of … country loses many highly educated workers, the economy can become less productive altogether, leading to lower wages for …

wages, is sufficiently large to suggest that they are in high demand and that there is a relative scarcity. Policymakers …