Relatively few studies have examined the "echo effect" of health shocks related to prenatal and early-life malnutrition … children of mothers who were exposed in-utero and in early-life including income, education, and employment, indicators that … areas, and by exploiting rich data on those directly affected and their children, we find that on average, the famine had …

, career development, mental and physical health. The study examined the problems of children from migrating families in … carries a specific threat to children and youth. Long-term consequences threaten life outcomes such as educational achievement … educational institutions. It was also important to determine what assistance is provided to children from migrant families and …