From an estimated funding gap of $93 billion a year up to 2020, Africa's infrastructure financing needs were further revised to $130–$170 billion annually. The Program for Infrastructure Development in Africa Priority Action Plan projects were estimated to gulp $68 billion and an estimated...

In the present chapter, we measure the performance of the four types of SIEFOREs and their corresponding performance indices in a two-regime scenario. With the use of Markov-switching models, we found that the historical prices and performance of the SIEFOREs can be modeled with a two-regime...

Several Latin American countries reformed their retirement-pension systems during the 1980s and 1990s because the previous funded or pay-as-you-go systems were deemed insufficient to support the rapidly growing aging populations. Mexico was no exception, and in 1997 it replaced its traditional...