The creation of the Bank of Lisbon in December 1821, in the context of the Portuguese liberal revolution of 1820, provides a pretext for examining the main monetary and financial problems of the time, taking into account the particular period of political change and the possibility that it...

When a conflict breaks out, warring states' bond prices generally experience sharp declines. As military defeat may prompt the winner to ask for reparations, bonds issued by the losing party are usually even more affected. By contrast, during the Second Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902), the prices of...