and Russia is investigated using micro-data for 2002, 2013, and 2018. Estimated logit models indicate that, in both …, being female. We find that seniors in urban Russia are more likely to work for earnings than their counterparts in China … much stronger negative association with earnings in urban China than in urban Russia. This is consistent with the facts …

In the transition from central planning to a market economy in the 1990s, governments focused on privatizing or closing …

Continuous enterprise restructuring is needed for the transition and emerging market economies to become and remain …