This study aims to conceptualize how the initial conditions of firms at the start of franchising affect the equilibrium level of franchising. Based on the study of dual distribution, we suggest testable propositions. The equilibrium proportion of franchised units in a chain might depend on the...

This study explores the relations between the different parts of headquarters (HQ) to which subsidiaries report and the knowledge-sharing patterns of subsidiaries in multinational corporations (MNCs). Despite the growing interest in the disaggregation of HQ, little is known about how...