extensive, especially in non-Anglo-Saxon countries. Strong unions may influence firms' incentives to invest in capital …, particularly in sectors where capital investments are sunk (irreversible), as in research-intensive sectors. Whether unions affect … firms' investment in capital depends on the structure and coordination of bargaining, the preference of unions between wages …

unions. The problem is relevant to scholars and the labor movement, requiring a deeper understanding of union membership … primarily perceived cause of declining union membership, (b) unions should be more effective in collective bargaining, and (c …