In this paper, we mainly focus on two institutional aspects that are related to financial risk, that is, profiteering and the use of non-fraudulent coins when performing financial transactions. We argue that these two prerequisites were important for the success of the commercially oriented...

The Latin Monetary Union (hereafter LMU) was established in 1865 between France, Italy, Belgium and Switzerland. The agreement provided for the adoption of a common monetary base consisting of specie, and the adoption of the free circulation of gold and silver coins among them, whatever the...

German mortgage banks based on stock, more frequently founded from the early 1860s, used the traditional Pfandbrief system to cope with the growing tasks of urban and housing construction. Its safety for both creditors as well as debtors of real estate financing depended not least on a clear...

This article focuses on the reasons for the introduction and rapid abolition of the increment value tax on real estate in Germany between 1911 and 1913. It examines the interplay between the land reformers who campaigned for the tax and the political situation that made it possible for all...

The project of a national register of wool was the fever dream of mercantilism in Great Britain during the eighteenth century. For more than half a century, major parts of the English woolen traders and clothiers thereby attempted to lend administrative teeth to the ban on the exportation of...

Die "Erzbergerschen Steuer- und Finanzreformen" 1919/20 haben die öffentlichen Finanzen grundlegend umgestaltet. Die gesamtwirtschaftliche Steuerbelastung verdoppelte sich und stieg bis Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs weiter. Seit den 1950er Jahren bewegt sie sich meist zwischen 22 bis 24 Prozent...

Brexit poses an existential challenge the City of London as a European and global financial centre. The withdrawal of ‘passporting’ threatens the ability of financial institutions in London to sell services to customers in the EU, and this has prompted many predictions of London’s...

The history of German ship mortgage and ship Pfandbrief banks goes back to the end of the First World War. However, the financial crisis from 2007 to 2009 and even more so the current crisis in shipping prevented their business model from coming under increasing criticism. Firstly, this article...

Vor 100 Jahren haben die "Erzbergerschen Steuerund Finanzreformen" die öffentlichen Finanzen in Deutschland grundlegend umgestaltet. Sie zentralisierten die Finanzverfassung und modernisierten das Steuersystem umfassend. Einkommensteuer, Körperschaftsteuer und Erbschaftsteuer wurden...