Many empirical questions in economics and other social sciences depend on causal effects of programs or policies. In the last two decades much research has been done on the econometric and statistical analysis of the effects of such programs or treatments. This recent theoretical literature has...

Some basic theory of finance -- Basic Monte Carlo methods -- Variance reduction techniques -- Simulating the value of options -- Quasi-Monte Carlo multiple integration -- Estimation and calibration -- Sensitivity analysis, estimating derivatives and the Greeks -- Other methods and conclusions