The central bank's balance sheet has become the main instrument of monetary policy in the aftermath of the GFC and the COVID-19 health crisis. Hence, the aim of this paper is to analyze changes in the balance sheets' sizes and channels of base money creation in groups of countries, taking note...

Fifteen years ago it counted as received wisdom that accession to the European Union implies arrival to a safe haven concluding the ups and downs of post-communist transformation. Quantitative assessment (Papi et al. in JAMA 60(2): 271-290, 2018) indicates a considerable degree of convergence,...

Comparison of trends and peculiarities of financial systems in different countries, especially, in emerging markets, should start with setting the global context. The study identifies several periods of development of world financial institutions in the twenty-first century - deregulation...