unemployment risks on individual wages are analyzed in chapter 2. Building on a portfolio model for the labor market, the effects … unemployment risk is negative. Chapter 3 focuses on the effects of the reduction of unemployment benefits in the course of the … German Hartz reforms. For men and women in East and West Germany we find that the reform-induced decrease in unemployment …

(ALMP) to fight unemployment in many countries in recent years. In contrast to traditional ALMP instruments like training … unemployed individuals to exit unemployment by entering self-employment and, thus, by creating their own jobs. In this sense … combat unemployment but also as business policy to promote entrepreneurship. The corresponding empirical literature on this …