parole and on probation. Is this an anomaly, or does the 'free market' require massive state punishment? Why did the …

irrespective of punishment and therefore have a lower demand for a costly punishment institution than groups of like-minded free … riders, who are unable to cooperate without punishment. We also predict that the difference in the demand for punishment is … cooperative groups to avoid wasting resources for an unneeded punishment institution. In uncooperative groups, it helps members to …

those who score low. This asymmetric pattern is mirrored in the punishment of disloyal subjects within groups. The results …

Social preferences for the punishment of free riders are critical for generating cooperative behavior in human society …. Focusing on the receiving fees of Japan´s public broadcaster, this study analyses how punishment of free riders, that is, the …