Educational tracking seeks to group students by unobserved ability using measures of observable acquired skills. In a model where individuals have differential skills prior to beginning formal education due to differences in early childhood development (e.g. linguistic, cultural, or nutritional...

Communism in East Germany sought to dampen the effect of market forces on firm productivity for nearly 40 years. How did East German firms respond to the free market after being thrust into it in 1990? We use a formal learning model and German business survey data to analyze the lasting impact...

In a world where the future is uncertain and firms do not know the model, forecast ability matters. We ask whether, as predicted by rational expectations, forecast ability is uniform. And if not, whether firms learn. Firm level forecast ability is measured as forecast error based on the Ifo...