, incentives to bluff. Under a reward regime, targets can bluff in order to extort larger inducements. Under a sanction regime …, targets can bluff in order to deter coercion attempts. I find that while sanctions are a weakly dominant tool of influence … committing to a certain course of action for the entire duration of interaction. Moreover, using rewards and sanctions in …

We empirically analyze the effect of UN and US economic sanctions on life expectancy and its gender gap in target … matching approach to account for the endogeneity of sanctions. Our results indicate that an average episode of UN sanctions … sanctions is significantly smaller. In addition, we find evidence that women are affected more severely by the imposition of …