During the recent decades, the transformations in the global economy, technology and economic development have stimulated the growth of service sector, especially the growth of producer services at the international level. The producer services support the growth of economy and investment and...

Firms provide substantial insurance against wage fluctuations and job loss. This paper studies how the interaction between shock size and persistence affects the firm’s ability to insure workers against idiosyncratic firm-level shocks. Using linked employer-employee data from Germany, I find...

We implement a generalized random forest (Athey et al., 2019) to a differencein-difference setting to identify substantial heterogeneity in earnings losses across displaced workers. Using administrative data from Austria over three decades we document that a quarter of workers face cumulative...