Private brands are those manufactured or provided by one company for offer under another company's brand. They are often positioned as lower-price alternatives to national brands, and they are helping retailers to build sustainable relationships with their customers. The objective of this...

In Japan, many local mixed enterprises owned and operated jointly by local governments and private sectors had been established from the late 1980's to the early 1990's in order to provide public services more efficiently. At present, in Japan, many local mixed enterprises are confronted with a...