China?s pension system is in need of comprehensive reform in that it is fragmented in its coverage and significantly under-funded. Attempts to improve the coverage will likely exacerbate the financial strains. Thus it is urgent to improve the financial sustainability of the system and one policy...

Ageing of most societies is driven by two factors: (1) birth rates are declining and (2) people are living longer. These developments have substantial effects on economies and, in particular, on the funding of our living standards in retirement. We develop an overlapping generation model in...