This paper claims that distance alone is a poor proxy for international transport costs in gravity equations. We … into advanced transport technology, which lowers their marginal costs and as a consequence, transport prices. Transport … costs therefore vary with the distance between the two locations, and with the endogenous decision to invest in a more …

ridership needs that exerts a substitution effect on air transportation, the main mode for long distance tourist mobility …. Finally, the analysis of HSR impacts on touristic cities receiving this mode of transportation does not show any …

The main purpose of this paper is to estimate and evaluate the social costs of highways in Japan. In general, with more … people concerned about protecting the environment at both local and global levels, dependence on vehicular transportation in … necessary to measure correctly the social costs of vehicular transport such as traffic accidents, air pollution, noise, global …

Japanese firms operating in both their home countries and emerging economies. About the cost structure, costs depending on … quantity and quality(named gproduction costs h) and those depending only on quality (named gR&D costs h) are discussed. With … production and R&D costs, three types of costs are examined. Type 1 costs have no R&D costs. Type 2 costs have both, and R …