In the paper, we present how transnational corporations (TNCs) internationalize their R&D and how they allocate foreign R&D units in high-tech clusters, where competitors of these TNCs, research and academic institutions, and suppliers of these TNCs are also located. We confront two paradigms of...

Global Value Chains (GVCs) provide an important opportunity to become member of the global economy. Gaining access to GVCs and the possibility of developing linkages with major suppliers and customers enables the prospect to upgrade products and production processes via knowledge and...

The main aim of this paper is to exam the local dimension of the university and industry linkages. It is widely recognized in the literature that academic research is an important source of new knowledge to the innovative efforts of the firms. Many authors, such as Audrescht and Feldman (1996),...

For more than two decades cluster policies have emerged as a central focus for decision-makers trying to instigate territorial development. The benefits, especially in terms of collective learning, knowledge sharing and other types of agglomeration economies and spill-over effects, are well...

The creative class approach (Florida, 2002b) has led to many developments. Therefore, measurement of creativity (Chantelot, 2010), economic influence of creative people in urban (Marlet & Van Woerkens, 2007) and rural (McGranahan & Wojan, 2007) environments, or creative people geography...

Ã...land, a small autonomous island province of Finland with 28,000 inhabitants, is base for commercial shipping employing - in and outside Ã...land - about 6 100 people, onboard and ashore, with an annual gross salary volume of 243 million euros and capital income of 275 million euros (2009)....