The telecommunications market was completely open to competition in 1998 in Spain, as in most EU countries. The model for the liberalization of the market was based on the regulated use of the incumbent operators' network, so that new entrants could initially use these resources to allow for a...

While the role of telecommunication networks historically, and today broadband and the Internet, have been theoretically linked to economic growth, the empirical results have been mixed, giving rise again to the "productivity paradox." Many governments, particularly those in Southeast Asia, have...