This paper is a first attempt to empirically measure transaction costs – a composite of administrativecosts and trading costs – of firms in the European Union's CO2 Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)during its trial phase (2005-2007). This analysis provides some evidence that transaction...

We analyze a multi-sector growth model with directed technical change where man-made capital and exhaustible resources are essential for production. The relative profitability of factor-specific innovations endogenously determines whether technical progress will be capital- or...