China has surpassed the United States in patent applications and has become world leader. Strong patenting activity … by electronics manufacturers. State-owned firms spend more on R&D per patent, but hold fewer patents per researcher than … patent holders. Furthermore, the paper examines what drives patenting activity. Higher R&D spending by the firm and higher …

studied for a new type of innovation where new technologies reduce emissions of a specific pollutant but at the same time … cause a new type of damage. A robust finding is that the efficiency of permits is affected by monopoly pricing of the patent …-holding firm. This result carries over to other types of innovation. Taxes are inefficient if technologies produce perfect …