. Our evidence, which builds on a database that matches research institutions to a sample of their patent applications …, indicates patent applications to the European Patent Office (EPO) filed by research institutions grew faster than industry … patent applications remains low and their ratio of patents granted to applications is below that of industry. An econometric …

interventions such as government-sponsored patent funds. This document briefly reviews some key features of the markets and networks …

semiconductor value chain. Results for 21 large firms operating across the semiconductor value chain indicate that total government … equity appears to be particularly large in the context of the semiconductor industry and concentrated in one jurisdiction … subsidy disciplines in a context of growing government involvement in semiconductor production and poor transparency of …

-ups. As to their performance, start-ups founded by researchers are more likely to patent and those founded by students …