Fardmanesh, Mohsen; Douglas, Seymour - 2003
, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad, during the 1985-1993 period using cointegration, Granger causality, and reduced form methods … them in Guyana and Trinidad, which unlike Jamaica applied infrequent and large adjustments to their official rates. The … causation is bi-directional in the case of Jamaica and uni-directional, with changes in the official rate Granger causing …
