optimal dynamic control problem is characterized by two stochastic state variables: the equity value, and profitability (ROA …) of the _rm. According to the empirical evidence, we let profitability follow a mean reverting process. The problem is …

have high industry-level dispersion of profitability have on average higher market-to-book ratios than firms in low … dispersion industries. This positive relation between market-to-book ratios and industry profitability dispersion is economically …