In this paper, we compare participants in an artefactual field experiment in urban China with the survey population of migrants from which they were recruited. The experimental participants were more educated, more likely to lend money to friends, and worked fewer hours than the general...

Scholars have long noted the marked advantages of panel surveys for understanding the nature and causes of shifts in public opinion. Despite these advantages, existing panel survey approaches are often regarded as prohibitively costly or unrepresentative. In this paper, we present new evidence...