-white employees, a finding that is consistent with employer discrimination on grounds of race, or lower worker bargaining power when …

historical wage gaps still exist and are affected by the government in power. Therefore, this study provides evidence of race … same period and have remained constant over the sample period. Most of the race-based occupational segregation is a result …

Analyses of ethnic and racial wage differentials neglect the fact that minorities cluster in urban and in more deprived … areas. This paper estimates ethnic wage differentials by comparing minorities to the majority in the same local labour … their variation across areas are partly explained by job characteristics and especially occupation. Since minorities in some …

factors in income differences - race and gender - that contribute to income inequality within the population of blacks and … defined by the Gini index varies from 1% to 4% depending on the geographical administrative divisions used. Race tends to … inequality associated with gender exceeds greatly that of race. While gender income inequality falls over time, income inequality …

rapid economic convergence. The case of Estonia is used, and micro data from the Labour Force Survey from 1989 to 2020 are … wage gap was as large as 41% at the end of the communist period in Estonia. The large gender wage gap under communist rule …

by race and ethnicity, using granular statistics describing income distributions, income mobility, and conditional income …

be used for external moves between firms. We show that when female workers are the minority in the occupation and social … link formation is gender-biased (homophily) there are too few female contacts in the social networks of their male … workers are the minority can explain a substantial part of the empirically observable total wage gap stemming from the glass …