In this essay I compare two different theoretical frameworks in economics for orienting analysis of issues in technology policy. One is a neoclassical framework that sees appropriate policies as dealing with market failuresʺ. The other framework is provided by an evolutionary and institutional...

We draw upon historical evidence from several countries and contemporary studies of national innovation systems to argue that indigenous systems of academic training and public researchhave been in the past important elements of the institutional structures supporting a country's economic catch...