presents a combinatorial mixed-integer linear optimisation model and a three-stage heuristic to determine the minimum costs for … less efficient, it substantially overestimates the total costs by up to 80% in all cases with less than 100% heat coverage …

We study short- and long-term wage effects of two important elements of non-wage labour costs: firing costs and payroll … taxes. We exploit a reform that introduced substantial reduction in these two provisions for unemployed workers aged less …, which predicts an ambiguous effect on wages: firing costs are expected to increase wages, because they increase the …

This paper analyses the macroeconomic costs of environmental regulation in European energy markets on the basis of …. From a macroeconomic point of view, however, the costs of environmental regulation appear to be modest. The underlying …

places substantial firing costs on firms and has a major impact on the decisions of firms to hire disabled workers …