Religious adherence has been hard to study in part because it is hard to measure. We develop a new measure of religious … measure with traditional data, we show how it can shed light on the nature of religious adherence in Islamic societies …. Exploiting random variation in climate, we find that as economic conditions in Afghanistan worsen, people become more religiously …

the other new member states expressed their concerns with the security implications of the close trade ties with Russia … invasion through their energy imports, undermined the security of European energy supply, and caused economic turmoil across … the continent. The security, economic, and political implications revealed that one of the fundamental prerequisites of …