in a given sector is affected by past reductions in applied tariffs. Employing an identification strategy based on 'new … measures', we find evidence of a substitution of non-tariff measures for tariffs both in the sample of TBT and in the sample of …. These results are consistent with our theoretical model, which predicts policy substitution between tariffs and standards in …

Market access negotiations in merchandise trade at the multilateral level cover tariffs and non-tariff measures (NTMs …). While tariffs have been substantially reduced in earlier rounds, they remain high in certain areas and further reductions …

commitments under trade agreements (multilateral and regional agreements) and applied tariffs- what is also known as tariffs … equivalent to a level of tariffs between 1.7 and 8.7 percentage points. …

data on tariffs and trade covering 130 countries. We show that regionalism has delivered limited effective liberalization …

Governments in more developed economies partially compensate import-competing industries when world prices fall, i …-maker would respond to lower world prices by reducing tariff protection for an import-competing industry. An initial tariff that … in the world price of the importable good. …

Was the collapse of world trade between 1928 and 1937 caused by higher transport costs, increased protectionism or the …

affected. One possible outcome of Brexit is a situation where WTO tariffs apply to merchandise trade between the UK and the EU … falling by 5% (Finland) to 43% (Bulgaria) taking into account the new tariffs and the elasticity of the trade response to this …