Credit Rating Agencies play a key role in European capital markets today, publishing ratings on the creditworthiness of issuers/issues of debt securities. Independent, objective and internationally consistent credit ratings raise the integrity, transparency and competitiveness of capital...

The European Union is aiming to foster digital transformation in all sectors by 2030. It has pioneered cross-sectoral legislation on artificial intelligence, cloud computing services and crypto-assets for this purpose. Yet compared with the work done on ESG, the prospective banking regulation...

This paper is analysing the current national and international regulatory regimes relevant for European banks, CSDs and ICSDs, and is comparing them with the requirements in order to answer the following questions - Is there any overlap between the provisions of the CPSS-IOSCO Recommendations...