directive with the intent of increasing tax rates for fossil fuels that should contribute to achieving the EU's emission … reduction targets for 2030. Since then, climate policy challenges in the EU have been amplified by sharp increases in … numerous compensation measures for households and firms in EU member countries. In this article, we provide an overview of the …

This paper provides an overview of energy and (implicit) CO2 taxation in the EU member countries. Against the … background of the EU energy taxation directives, energy and implicit CO2 tax rates in the EU countries are discussed, focussing … be on the rise in the EU. Evidence on the economic impacts of energy and carbon taxes furthermore shows that a double …

), which was adopted to support recovery from the Covid-19 crisis, represents the first large-scale EU-wide investment … coming decades, which will require additional public investment equivalent to at least 1% of EU economic output per year. Nor … would the reform of EU fiscal rules under consideration enable a sufficient increase in public investment at the national …

The Russian attack on Ukraine in February 2022 shook continental geopolitics and led to a major shift in EU energy …

This report explores the EU's bold efforts to diversify energy sources, ramp up renewable energy use, and enforce … extent the EU has overcome infrastructural and geopolitical challenges to end its reliance on Russian fossil fuels and …