the use of natural gas may be consistent with the transformation towards a low carbon energy system, the phase-out of coal … international trade in natural gas and steam coal is investigated. Moreover, this dissertation analyses to what extent major steam … coal exporters have a self-interest in restricting their supply. …

and export markets. The results explain the Central Asian countries'' endorsement for an eastbound pipeline to China … rather than a Europe-bound option, and show negligible demand competition between China and Europe for Central Asian supplies …