In the work research published in USA in the 1970s, the universities were regarded as organisations qualified as "organised anarchies" or "loosely coupled systems" which were considered host to "unclear technologies". This paper confronts these concepts with the recent evolution of the piloting...

German separation in 1949 into a communist East and a capitalist West and their reunification in 1990 are commonly described as a natural experiment to study the enduring effects of communism. We show in three steps that the populations in East and West Germany were far from being randomly...