The economic/ecological double crisis has long since reached China. In order to stabilise the growing economy, access to new markets and resources is indispensable. At the same time, the associated environmental damage is steadily increasing, causing public pressure on the government in Beijing....

The evaluation of economic development level is commonly measured by the growth rate of GDP. However, this single-dimensional measurement may cause potential issue to investigate sustainable economic development and growth model. An alternative framework is introduced to economic development...